Formerly Sovereign House

Kingdom of Italy – House of Savoy

Kingdom of Italy – House of Savoy

Jurisdiction
Italy
Dynasty
House of Savoy
Entry type
House
Editorial status
Reviewed - Verified

Regno d’Italia

The Kingdom of Italy (Italian: Regno d’Italia) was a state forged in 1861 by the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom of Sardinia, which was its legal predecessor state. It existed until 1946 when the Italians opted for a republican constitution. Italy declared war on Austria in alliance with Prussia in 1866: despite an unsuccessful campaign, it received the region of Venice following Bismarck’s victory. Italian troops entered Rome in 1870, ending more than one thousand years of Papal temporal power. Italy accepted Bismarck’s proposal to enter in a Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria in 1882, following strong disagreements with France about the respective colonial expansions. However, even if relations with Berlin became very friendly, the alliance with Vienna remained purely formal. So, in 1915, Italy accepted the British invitation to join the Allies in World War I because the western allies promised territorial compensation (at the expense of Austria-Hungary) for participation that were more generous than Vienna’s offer in exchange for Italian neutrality. Victory in the war gave Italy the status of a major power, with a permanent seat in the Council of the League of Nations.

“Fascist Italy” is the era of National Fascist Party rule from 1922 to 1943 with Benito Mussolini as totalitarian leader. The fascists imposed totalitarian rule and crushed the political and intellectual opposition, while promoting economic modernization, traditional social values, and a rapprochement with the Catholic Church. “The Fascist regime passed through several relatively distinct phases,” says Payne (1996). The first phase 1923-25 was nominally a continuation of the parliamentary system, albeit with a “legally organized executive dictatorship.” Then came the second phase, “the construction of the Fascist dictatorship proper from 1925 to 1929.” The third phase, with less activism, was 1929-34. The fourth phase. 1935-40, was characterized by an aggressive foreign policy, warfare in Ethiopia, confrontations with the League of Nations sanctions, growing economic autarchy, and semi-Nazification. The war itself (1940-43) was the fifth phase, and the rump Salo regime the final stage (1943-45).

Italy was allied with Nazi Germany in World War II until 1943. It switched sides to the Allies after ousting Mussolini and shutting down the Fascist party in areas (south of Rome) controlled by the Allied invaders. The remnant fascist state in northern Italy that continued fighting against the Allies was a puppet state of Nazi Germany, the “Italian Social Republic”, still led by Mussolini and his loyalist Fascists. Shortly after the war, civil discontent led to the Italian constitutional referendum, 1946 on whether Italy would remain a monarchy or become a republic. Italians decided to abandon the monarchy and form the Italian Republic, which is the present form of Italy today.

The Family Titles and Styles

The present members of this family bear the title Prince or Princess of Savoy, together with the formal appellation of His or Her Royal Highness.

The Genealogy of the Royal House

VITTORIO AMEDEO II Francesco, Duke of Savoy 12 Jun 1675, proclaimed King of Sicily 22 Sep 1713, exchanged Sicily for Sardinia, of which he became King 2 Aug 1718, abdicated in favor of his son 3 Sep 1730 (Turin 14 May 1666-Moncalieri 31 Oct 1732); m.1st by proxy at Versailles 10 Apr 1684 and in person at Chambéry 6 May 1684 Anne Marie d’Orléans (St. Cloud 27 Aug 1666-Turin 26 Aug 1728)

  • 1a) Marie Adelaide (Turin 6 Dec 1685-Versailles 12 Feb 1712); m.by proxy at Turin on 15 Sep 1696 and in person at Versailles 7 Dec 1697 Louis, Dauphin de Viennois (Versailles 6 Aug 1682-Versailles 18 Feb 1712)
  • 2a) Maria Anna (14 Aug 1687-5 Aug 1690)
  • 3a) Maria Luisa Gabriella (Turin 17 Sep 1688-Madrid 14 Feb 1714); m.by proxy at Turin 11 Sep 1701 and in person at Figueras 2 Nov 1701 King Felipe V of Spain (Versailles 19 Dec 1683-Buen Retiro 9 Jul 1746)
  • 4a) Vittorio Amedeo Filippo Giuseppe, Pr of Piedmont (Turin 6 May 1699-22 Mar 1715)
  • 5a) CARLO EMANUELE III, King of Sardinia (Turin 27 Apr 1701-Turin 20 Feb 1773); m.1st by proxy 16 Feb 1722 and in person at Vercelli 15 Mar 1722 Anne Christine Luise Pfgfn von Sulzbach (Sulzbach 5 Feb 1704-Turin 12 Mar 1723); m.2d Thonon 23 Jul 1724 Polyxene Christine Landgravine of Hesse-Rheinfels-Rotenburg (21 Sep 1706-Turin 13 Jan 1735); m.3d 1 Apr 1737 Elisabeth of Lorraine (Lunéville 15 Oct 1711-Turin 3 Jul 1741)
  • 1b) Vittorio Amedeo Teodoro, Duke of Aosta (Turin 7 Mar 1723-Turin 1 Aug 1725)
  • 2b) VITTORIO AMEDEO III, King of Sardinia (Turin 26 Jun 1726-Moncalieri 16 Oct 1796); m. Oulx 31 May 1750 Maria Antonia Infanta of Spain (Seville 17 Nov 1729-Moncalieri 19 Sep 1785)
  • 1c) CARLO EMANUELE IV, King of Sardinia (Turin 24 May 1751-Rome 6 Oct 1819); m. Chambéry 6 Sep 1775 Clothilde of France (Versailles 23 Sep 1759-Naples 7 Mar 1802)
  • 2c) Maria Elisabetta Carlotta (Turin 16 Jul 1752-Turin 17 Apr 1753)
  • 3c) Maria Giuseppina Luigia (Turin 2 Sep 1753-Hartwell House, nr Aylesbury, Bucks 13 Nov 1810); m. Versailles 14 May 1771 King Louis XVIII of France (Versailles 17 Nov 1755-Tuileries 16 Sep 1824)
  • 4c) Amedeo Alessandro Maria, Duke of Montferrat (Turin 5 Oct 1754-Turin 29 Apr 1755)
  • 5c) Maria Teresa (Turin 31 Jan 1756-Graz 2 Jun 1805); m. Versailles 16 Nov 1773 Charles Philippe of France Cte d’Artois [later, King Charles X] (Versailles 9 Oct 1757-Schloß Graffenberg 6 Nov 1836)
  • 6c) Maria Anna Carolina Gabriella (Turin 17 Dec 1757-Stupinigi 11 Dec 1824); m. Turin 19 Mar 1775 Benedetto Pr of Savoy, Duke of Chablais (1741-1808; below)
  • 7c) VITTORIO EMANUELE I, King of Sardinia (Turin 24 Jul 1759-Moncalieri 10 Jan 1824); m. Turin 25 Apr 1789 Maria Teresa Archdss of Austria-Este (Milan 1 Nov 1773-Genoa 29 Mar 1832)
  • 1d) Maria Beatrice Vittoria Giuseppina (Turin 6 Dec 1792-Cattajo 15 Sep 1840); m. Cagliari 20 Jun 1812 Francesco IV Duke of Modena, Archduke of Austria (Milan 6 Oct 1779-Modena 21 Jan 1846)
  • 2d) Marie Adelaide Clotilda Xaveria Borbonia (Turin 1 Oct 1794-Naples 9 Mar 1802)
  • 3d) Carlo Emanuele Vittorio Amedeo (Turin 3 Nov 1796-Cagliari 9 Aug 1799)
  • 4d) a daughter (Cagliari 20 Dec 1800-Cagliari 10 Jan 1801)
  • 5d) Maria Teresa Ferdinanda Felicita Gaetana Pia (Rome 19 Sep 1803-San Martino, nr Lucca 16 Jun 1879); m. Lucca 5 Sep 1820 Duke Carlo II of Parma (Madrid 22 Sep 1799-Nice 17 Apr 1883)
  • 6d) Maria Anna Carolina Pia (Rome 19 Sep 1803-Prague 4 May 1884); m. Vienna 27 Feb 1831 Emperor Ferdinand of Austria (Vienna 19 Apr 1793-Prague 29 Jun 1875)
  • 7d) Maria Cristina Carolina Giuseppina Gaetana Elisa (Cagliari 14 Nov 1812-Caserta 31 Jan 1836); m. Voltri 21 Nov 1832 King Ferdinando II of the Two Sicilies (Palermo 12 Jan 1810-Caserta 22 May 1859)
  • 8c) Maria Cristina Giuseppa Ferdinanda (Turin 21 Nov 1760-Turin 19 May 1768)
  • 9c) Maurizio Giuseppe Maria, Duke of Montferrat (Turin 13 Sep 1762-Alghero, Sardinia 1 Sep 1799)
  • 10c) Maria Carolina Antonietta Adelaide (Turin 17 Jan 1764-Dresden 28 Dec 1782); m. Dresden 24 Oct 1781 Anton Pr [later, King] of Saxony (Dresden 27 Dec 1755-Dresden 6 Jun 1836)
  • 11c) CARLO FELICE Giuseppe Maria, King of Sardinia; on his death he was succeeded by his cousin, Carlo Alberto Pr of Savoy-Carignano (see Line 2) (Turin 6 Apr 1765-Turin 27 Apr 1831); m. Palermo 6 Apr 1807 Maria Cristina Pss of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (Caserta 17 Jan 1779-Savona 11 Mar 1849)
  • 12c) Giuseppe Benedetto Maria Placido, Ct of Maurienne, Duke of Aosta (Turin 5 Oct 1766-Sassari, Sardinia 29 Oct 1802)
  • 3b) Eleonora Maria Teresa (Turin 28 Feb 1728-Moncalieri 15 Aug 1781)
  • 4b) Maria Luisa Gabriella (Turin 25 Mar 1729-San Andrea di Chieri 22 Aug 1767)
  • 5b) Maria Felicita (Turin 19 Mar 1730-Rome 13 May 1801)
  • 6b) Giuseppe Carlo Emanuele Filiberto Augusto, Duke of Aosta (Turin 17 May 1731-Turin 25 Mar 1735)
  • 7b) Carlo Francesco Romualdo, Duke of Chablais (Turin 23 Jul 1733-Turin 28 Dec 1733)
  • 8b) Carlo Francesco Maria Augusto, Duke of Aosta (Turin 1 Dec 1738-Turin 25 Mar 1745)
  • 9b) Maria Vittoria Margherita (Turin 22 Jun 1740-Turin 14 Jul 1742)
  • 10b) Benedetto Maria Maurizio, Duke of Chablais (Turin 21 Jun 1741-Rome 4 Jan 1808); m. Turin 19 Mar 1775 Maria Anna Pss of Savoy (1757-1824; above)
  • 6a) Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Chablais (1 Dec 1705-19 Dec 1705)

Line 2

Carlo Emanuele Ferdinando Pr of Savoy-Carignano (Turin 24 Oct 1770-Chaillot 16 Aug 1800); m. Turin 24 Oct 1797 Maria Cristina Pss of Saxony (Dresden 7 Dec 1779-Paris 24 Nov 1851)

  • 1a) CARLO ALBERTO Amedeo, succeeded as King of Sardinia 27 Apr 1831, abdicated 23 Mar 1849 (Paris 29 Oct 1798-Oporto 28 Jul 1849); m. Florence 30 Sep 1817 Maria Teresa Archdss of Austria-Tuscany (Vienna 21 Mar 1801-Turin 12 Jan 1855)
  • 1b) VITTORIO EMANUELE II, King of Sardinia on the abdication of his father, and from 17 Mar 1861 King of Italy (Turin 14 Mar 1820-Rome 9 Jan 1878); m.1st Stupinigi 12 Apr 1842 Adelheid Archdss of Austria (Milan 3 Jun 1822-Turin 20 Jan 1855); m.2d, morganatically, at Rome 7 Nov 1869 Rosa Teresa Vercellana, cr 11 Apr 1859 Ctsa di Mirafiori e Fontanafredda (Moncalvo 3 Jun 1833-Pisa 27 Dec 1885)
  • 1c) Ludovica Teresa Maria Clotilda (Turin 2 Mar 1843-Moncalieri 25 Jun 1911); m. Turin 30 Jan 1859 Napoléon, Pr Napoléon (Trieste 9 Sep 1822-Rome 18 Mar 1891)
  • 2c) UMBERTO I Rainerio Carlo Emanuele Giovanni Maria Ferdinando Eugenio, King of Italy (Turin 14 Mar 1844-assassinated at Monza 29 Jul 1900); m. Turin 22 Apr 1868 Pss Margherita of Savoy (1851-1926; below)
  • 1d) VITTORIO EMANUELE III Ferdinando Maria Gennaro, King of Italy until his abdication 9 May 1946, Emperor of Ethiopia 9 May 1936-3 Sep 1943, King of Albania 16 Apr 1939-3 Sep 1943 (Naples 11 Nov 1869-Alexandria, Egypt 28 Dec 1947); m. Rome 24 Oct 1896 Elena Pss of Montenegro (Cetinje 8 Jan 1873-Montpellier 28 Nov 1952)
  • 1e) Jolanda Margherita Milena Elisabetta Romana Maria (Rome 1 Jun 1901-Rome 16 Oct 1986); m. Rome 9 Apr 1923 Giorgio Carlo Calvi Cte di Bergolo (Athens 15 Mar 1887-Rome 25 Feb 1977)
  • 2e) Mafalda Maria Elisabetta Anna Romana (Rome 19 Nov 1902-Buchenwald concentration camp 27 Aug 1944); m. Racconigi 23 Sep 1925 Philipp, Landgrave of Hesse (Schloß Rumpenheim 6 Nov 1896-Rome 25 Oct 1980)
  • 3e) UMBERTO II Nicola Tomasso Giovanni Maria, King of Italy from his father’s abdication until he left the country 13 Jun 1946 after a referendum against the monarchy (Racconigi 15 Sep 1904-Geneva 18 Mar 1983); m. Rome 8 Jan 1930 Marie José Pss of Belgium (Ostende 4 Aug 1906-Geneva 27 Jan 2001)
  • 1f) Maria Pia Elena Elisabetta Margherita Milena Mafalda Ludovica Tecla Gennara (b. Naples 24 Sep 1934); m.1st Cascais, Portugal 12 Feb 1955 (div 1967) Alexander Pr of Yugoslavia (b. White Lodge, Richmond 13 Aug 1924); m.2d Manalapan, Florida 16/17 May 2003 Pr Michel of Bourbon-Parma (b. Paris 4 Mar 1926)
  • 2f) VITTORIO EMANUELE Alberto Carlo Teodoro Umberto Bonifacio Amedeo Damiano Bernardino Gennaro Maria, Crown Pr of Italy, Pr of Naples, Duke of Savoy, reportedly resigned his rights as head of house in favor of his son July 2006, though no official document saying so has been released (b. Naples 12 Feb 1937); m.(civ) Las Vegas 11 Jan 1970 (rel) Teheran 7 Oct 1971 Marina Ricolfi Doria (b. Geneva 12 Feb 1935)
  • 1g) EMANUELE FILIBERTO Umberto Reza Ciro René Maria, Pr of Venice and Piedmont (b. Geneva 22 Jul 1972); m. Rome 25 Sep 2003 Clotilde Courau (b. Levallois-Perret 3 Apr 1969)
  • 1h) Vittoria Cristina Adelaide Chiara Maria (b. Geneva 28 Dec 2003)
  • 2h) Luisa Giovanna Agata Gavina Bianca Maria (b. Geneva 16 Aug 2006)
  • 3f) Maria Gabriella Giuseppa Aldegonda Adelaide Margherita Ludovica Felicita Gennara (Naples 24 Feb 1940); m.(civ) Saint-Mesme 16 Jun 1969 (rel) Eze-sur-Mer 21 Jun 1969 (div 1990) Robert Zellinger de Balkany (b. Iklod, Hungary 4 Aug 1931)
  • 4f) Maria Beatrice Elena Margherita Ludovica Caterina Francisca Romana (b. Rome 2 Feb 1943); m.(civ) Ciudad Juarez, Mexico 1 Apr 1970 (rel) Córdoba, Argentina Jan 1971 Luis Reyna Corvalán (Córdoba 18 Apr 1939-murdered in Cuernavaca, Mexico 17 Feb 1999)
  • 4e) Giovanna Elisabetta Antonia Romana Maria (Rome 13 Nov 1907-Estoril 26 Feb 2000); m. Assisi 25 Oct 1930 King Boris III of Bulgaria (Sofia 30 Jan 1894-Sofia 28 Aug 1943)
  • 5e) Maria Francesca Anna Romana (Rome 26 Dec 1914-Mandelieu 4 Dec 2001); m. Rome 23 Jan 1939 Luigi Pr of Bourbon-Parma (Schwarzau am Steinfelde 5 Dec 1899-Mandelieu, nr Cannes 4 Dec 1967)
  • 3c) Amedeo Ferdinando Maria, Duke of Aosta; he was proclaimed King of Spain and the Indies 16 Nov 1870 during the civil wars of that period, but abdicated 11 Feb 1873 (Turin 30 May 1845-Turin 18 Jan 1890); m.1st Turin 30 May 1867 Maria Vittoria del Pozzo, Pss della Cisterna (Paris 9 Aug 1846-San Remo 8 Nov 1876); m.2d Turin 11 Sep 1888 Pss Marie Letizia Bonaparte (Paris 20 Nov 1866-Moncalieri 25 Oct 1926)
  • 1d) Emanuele Filiberto Vittorio Eugenio Genova Giuseppe Maria, Duke of Aosta (Genoa 13 Jan 1869-Turin 4 Jul 1931); m. Kingston-on-Thames 25 Jun 1895 Pss Helene d’Orléans (York House, Twickenham 13 Jun 1871-Castellamare di Stabia 21 Jan 1951)
  • 1e) Amedeo Umberto Isabella Luigi Filippo Maria Giuseppe Giovanni, Duke of Aosta (Turin 21 Oct 1898-d.imprisoned by English in Nairobi 3 Mar 1942); m. Naples 5 Nov 1927 Pss Anne d’Orléans (Château de Nouvion-en-Thierache 5 Aug 1906-Sorrento 19 Mar 1986)
  • 1f) Margherita Isabella Maria Vittoria Emanuella Elena Gennara (b. Capodimonte 7 Apr 1930); m.(civ) Bourg-en-Bresse 28 Dec 1953 (rel) Brou 29 Dec 1953 Robert, Archduke of Austria-Este (Schönbrunn 8 Feb 1915-Basel 7 Feb 1996)
  • 2f) Maria Cristina Giusta Elena Giovanna (b. Castle Miramar, nr Trieste 12 Sep 1933); m. Jacarézinho, Brazil 29 Jan 1967 Casimir Pr of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (b. Warsaw 8 Nov 1938)
  • 2e) Aimone Roberto Margherita Maria Giuseppe Torino, Duke of Aosta, designated, but never reigned, as King Tomislav II of Croatia 1941-1943 (Turin 9 Mar 1900-Buenos Aires 29 Jan 1948); m. Florence 1 Jul 1939 Irene Pss of Greece and Denmark (Athens 13 Feb 1904-Fiesole 14 Apr 1974)
  • 1f) Amedeo Umberto Constantino Giorgio Paolo Elena Maria Fiorenzo Zvonimir, Duke of Aosta; he has recently asserted a claim to be head of the House of Savoy (b. Florence 27 Sep 1943); m.1st Sintra, Portugal 22 Jul 1964 (div 1982) Pss Claude d’Orléans (b.11 Dec 1943); m.2d Bagheria, Sicily 30 Mar 1987 Marchesa Silvia Paterno di Spedalotto (b. Palermo 31 Dec 1953)
  • 1g) Bianca Irene Olga Elena Isabella Fiorenza Maria (b. Florence 2 Apr 1966); m. San Giustino Valdarno 11 Sep 1988 Cte Gilberto Arrivabene Valenti Gonzaga (b. Rome 5 Jul 1961)
  • 2g) Aimone Umberto Emanuele Filiberto Luigi Amedeo Elena Maria Fiorenzo, Duke of Apulia (b. Florence 13 Oct 1967); m. Moscow 16 Sep 2008 (rel) Patmos 27 Sep 2008 Pss Olga of Greece (b. Athens 17 Nov 1971)
  • 1h) Umberto, Pr of Piedmont (b. Paris 7 Mar 2009)
  • 2h) Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi (b. Paris 24 May 2011)
  • 3g) Mafalda Giovanna Shams Maria Fiorenza Isabella (b. Florence 20 Sep 1969); m.1st San Giustino Valdarno, Tuscany 18 Sep 1994 (div) Alessandro Ruffo di Calabria (b. Turin 4 Nov 1964); m.2d London 27 Apr 2001 Nobile Francesco Ferrante Carlo Napoleone Lombardo di San Chirico (b. Milan 31 Jan 1968)
  • 4g) [by Kyra van Ellinghuizen] Ginevra di Savoia, b. Milan 19 Mar 2006
  • 2d) Vittorio Emanuele Torino Giovanni Maria, Ct of Turin (Turin 24 Nov 1870-Brussels 16 Oct 1946)
  • 3d) Luigi Amedeo Giuseppe Maria Ferdinando Francesco, Duke of the Abruzzi (Madrid 29 Jan 1873-Jawhar [Uebi Scebeli], nr. Mogadiscio, Somalia 13 Mar 1933)
  • 4d) Umberto Maria Vittorio Amedeo Giuseppe, Ct of Salemi (Turin 22 Jun 1889-k.a.19 Oct 1918)
  • 4c) Oddone Eugenio Maria, Duke of Montferrat (Turin 11 Jul 1846-Genoa 22 Jan 1866)
  • 5c) Maria Pia (Turin 16 Oct 1847-Stupinigi 5 Jul 1911); m. Lisbon 6 Oct 1862 King Luiz of Portugal (Lisbon 31 Oct 1838-Cascais 19 Oct 1889)
  • 6c) Carlo Alberto, Duke of Chablais (Moncalieri 2 Jun 1851-Stupinigi 28 Jun 1854)
  • 7c) Vittorio Emanuele, Ct of Geneva (Turn 8 Jan 1855-Turin 17 May 1855)
  • 8c) [born to second wife before marriage] Vittoria Guerrieri (Castelceriolo 3 Dec 1848-Rome 29 Dec 1905); m.1st Castel della Mandria 14 Apr 1868 Marchese Giacomo Spinola (Genoa 1 May 1828-Florence 4 Jan 1872); m.2d 1 Sep 1873 Marchese Luigi Spinola (Genoa 22 Jul 1825-Genoa Dec 1899); m.3d 1900 Paolo de Simone (b.1859, committed suicide Jun 1906)
  • 9c) [born to second wife before marriage] Emanuele Filiberto Guerrieri, Cte di Mirafiori e Fontanafredda (Castelceriolo 26 Aug 1851-Sommariva Bosco 25 Dec 1894); m. Florence 27 May 1872 Bianca de Larderel (Florence 1856-Florence 24 Jun 1942)
  • 1d) Vittorio Emanuele Guerrieri, Cte di Montafirori e Fontanafredda (Florence 21 Dec 1873-Nervi 27 Jan 1896)
  • 2d) Gastone Guerrieri, Cte di Mirafiori e Fontanafredda (Florence 8 Dec 1878-Turin 7 Aug 1943); m. Bernardina, Alba 6 Jun 1900 Margherita Boasso (Turin 5 Dec 1878-San Remo 11 Jan 1974)
  • 1e) Vittoria Guerrieri (Turin 2 Mar 1901-Turin 25 Nov 1970); m. Sommariva 9 Jul 1925 Marchese Melchior Gromis, Cte di Trana (b. Turin 31 Dec 1895)
  • 2b) Ferdinando Maria Alberto Amedeo Filiberto Vincenzo, Duke of Genoa (Florence 15 Nov 1822-Turin 10 Feb 1855); m. Dresden 22 Apr 1850 Pss Elisabeth of Saxony (Dresden 4 Feb 1830-Stresa 14 Aug 1912)
  • 1c) Margherita Maria Teresa Giovanna (Turin 20 Nov 1851-Bordighera 4 Jan 1926); m. Turin 22 Apr 1868 King Umberto I of Italy (1844-1900; above)
  • 2c) Tommaso Alberto Vittorio, Duke of Genoa (Turin 6 Feb 1854-Turin 15 Apr 1931); m. Nymphenburg 14 Apr 1883 Marie Elisabeth Pss of Bavaria (Nymphenburg 31 Aug 1863-Rome 26 Feb 1924)
  • 1d) Ferdinando Umberto Filippo Adalberto Maria, Duke of Genoa (Turin 21 Apr 1884-Bordighera 24 Jun 1963); m. Turin 28 Feb 1938 Maria Luisa Alliaga Gandolfi (Fossano 22 Oct 1899-Turin 19 Jul 1986)
  • 2d) Filiberto Lodovico Massimiliano Emanuele Maria, Duke of Genoa (Turin 10 Mar 1895-Lausanne 7 Sep 1990); m. Turin 30 Apr 1928 Lydia Pss von Arenberg (Brussels 1 Apr 1905-Lausanne 23 Jul 1977)
  • 3d) Maria Bona Margherita Albertina Vittoria (Castello d’Aglié 1 Aug 1896-Rome 2 Feb 1971); m. Castello d’Aglié 8 Jan 1921 Konrad Pr of Bavaria (Munich 22 Nov 1883-Hinterstein 6 Sep 1969)
  • 4d) Adalberto Luitpoldo Elena Giuseppe Maria, Duke of Bergamo (Turin 19 Mar 1898-Turin 12 Dec 1982)
  • 5d) Maria Adelaide Vittoria Amelia Elisabetta Marca (Turin 25 Apr 1904-Rome 8 Feb 1979); m. San Rossore, nr Pisa 15 Jul 1935 Don Leone Massimo, Pr di Arsoli (Rome 25 Jan 1896-Rome 4 May 1979)
  • 6d) Eugenio Alfonso Carlo Maria Giuseppe, Duke of Ancona, Duke of Genoa (Turin 13 Mar 1906-Sao Paulo 8 Dec 1996); m. Schloß Nymphenburg 29 Oct 1938 Lucia Pss of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (Nymphenburg 9 Jul 1908-São Paulo 3 Nov 2001)
  • 1e) Maria Isabella Elena Immacolata Barbara Anna Pace (b. Rome 23 Jun 1943); m. Lausanne 29 Apr 1971 Alberto Frioli (b. Rimini 7 Apr 1943)
  • 3b) Maria Cristina (Turin 4 Jul 1826-Turin 25 Jul 1827)
  • 2a) Maria Francesca Elisabetta Charlotta Giuseppina (Paris 13 Apr 1800-Bolzano 25 Dec 1856); m. Prague 28 May 1820 Rainer, Archduke of Austria (Pisa 30 Sep 1783-Bolzano 16 Jan 1853)
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The following table reflects the technologies currently deployed on the website. It is updated whenever a plugin, host, analytics tool, embedded service, or cookie configuration changes.

Name Provider Purpose Category Duration Third-party access
_scc_session Neue Gotha / managed hosting and site-control provider Maintains a short-lived session for website security and site-control functions Strictly necessary Browser session The contracted hosting or site-control provider may access the identifier when providing technical support
_tccl_visit Neue Gotha / managed website-analytics provider Distinguishes a single website visit and reduces duplicate counting within the same session Analytics — disabled until consent 30 minutes Yes; the contracted analytics provider processes the identifier on Neue Gotha’s behalf
_tccl_visitor Neue Gotha / managed website-analytics provider Assigns a pseudonymous visitor identifier used to produce aggregated website-usage statistics Analytics — disabled until consent 12 months Yes; the contracted analytics provider processes the identifier on Neue Gotha’s behalf
googtrans Neue Gotha / Google Translate Stores or applies the visitor’s language selection for the translation feature Functional — disabled until consent 12 months Google may receive technical and service-interaction data when Google Translate is activated
ng_gt_default_applied Neue Gotha / website translation plugin Records whether the website’s default translation setting has been applied Functional — disabled until consent 24 hours No direct vendor access is assumed; Google may receive data if activation causes Google Translate to load
eu_cookies_bar_consent Neue Gotha / locally hosted EU Cookies Bar plugin Stores the visitor’s cookie choices and prevents the banner from being shown unnecessarily Strictly necessary 6 months No, provided the consent plugin remains locally hosted and does not transmit consent records to its developer
wordpress_test_cookie Neue Gotha / WordPress Checks whether the browser supports cookies when an authorised user visits the sign-in page Strictly necessary Browser session No; the cookie is processed by Neue Gotha and its contracted host

Authorised editorial users may receive WordPress authentication, security, or preference cookies when they sign in. wordpress_logged_in_[hash] maintains an authenticated session for up to two weeks when “Remember Me” is selected; wordpress_sec_[hash] protects administrative access for the session; and wp-settings-[user_id] stores an editor’s interface preferences for up to one year. These internal cookies are processed solely for editorial access and site administration.

6. Google Translate, web fonts, and other external content

Where enabled with the visitor’s consent, Neue Gotha may use Google Translate to provide machine-generated translations. Activating the service may cause the visitor’s browser to connect to Google and disclose technical information such as the IP address, requested page URL, browser or device information, and language or service-interaction data. Machine translations may contain errors and do not replace the original editorial text.

Website fonts are hosted locally by Neue Gotha and do not require a connection to Google. Google Translate remains an optional external service that is activated only after the visitor provides consent.

Information about Google’s processing is available in the Google Privacy Policy and Google’s explanation of how it uses information from sites and applications that use its services.

Embedded material from another website may allow that provider to process personal data as if the visitor had visited the provider directly. Non-essential embeds remain blocked until consent is obtained. Each enabled provider is identified in this policy and in the consent interface.

7. Recipients of personal data

Personal data may be disclosed only where necessary to:

  • hosting, content-delivery, backup, website-maintenance, email, security, and consent-management providers acting under contract;
  • translation, analytics, media, or other external-service providers selected by the visitor through the consent interface;
  • professional advisers, insurers, auditors, or other specialists where necessary to protect legal or operational interests;
  • courts, regulators, law-enforcement bodies, or public authorities where disclosure is required or permitted by law; and
  • the public and search engines where personal data form part of a lawfully published editorial or archival record.

8. International data transfers

Some service providers may process personal data outside the European Economic Area. Where the GDPR restricts such a transfer, Neue Gotha relies on an applicable European Commission adequacy decision or appropriate safeguards under Article 46 GDPR, such as the European Commission’s Standard Contractual Clauses, together with supplementary measures where required.

Cloudflare and Google may transfer limited technical information to recipients in the United States. Where the recipient is validly certified, the transfer is based on the European Commission’s adequacy decision for the EU–US Data Privacy Framework. Where that mechanism is unavailable or does not cover a transfer, the relevant provider’s European Commission Standard Contractual Clauses and supplementary technical and organisational measures are used. Information about the applicable safeguards, including how to obtain a copy, may be requested from editor@neuegotha.de.

9. How long we retain personal data

We retain personal data only for as long as necessary for the purposes described in this policy, including security, editorial integrity, source verification, dispute resolution, and compliance with legal obligations. The specific periods or criteria are stated in the processing and cookie tables above.

When a retention period ends, information is deleted or anonymised unless continued retention is required by law, is necessary for legal claims, or is justified by a documented editorial or archival purpose. Encrypted rolling backups are retained for 35 days and are then overwritten automatically, unless a backup has been isolated for incident recovery or a legal hold.

10. Security

Neue Gotha uses appropriate technical and organisational measures designed to protect personal data against accidental or unlawful destruction, loss, alteration, unauthorised disclosure, or access. No method of internet transmission or electronic storage is completely secure, and absolute security cannot be guaranteed.

11. Your data-protection rights

Subject to the conditions and limitations in the GDPR and applicable national law, an individual may have the right to:

  • obtain confirmation as to whether personal data concerning them are processed and request access to those data;
  • request correction of inaccurate or incomplete personal data;
  • request erasure of personal data;
  • request restriction of processing;
  • object, on grounds relating to their particular situation, to processing based on legitimate interests;
  • receive personal data they provided in a structured, commonly used, machine-readable format and transmit those data to another controller where the right to portability applies;
  • withdraw consent at any time, without affecting the lawfulness of processing carried out before withdrawal; and
  • lodge a complaint with a competent data-protection supervisory authority.

To exercise a right, contact editor@neuegotha.de. Please identify the information or record concerned and the nature of the request. We may request information reasonably necessary to verify identity and protect personal data from unauthorised disclosure. Requests are normally answered within one month, subject to any extension permitted by law.

Where a request concerns published editorial or archival content, applicable rights may be limited where necessary and proportionate to reconcile data protection with freedom of expression and information or other rights recognised by law. Each request will be assessed individually.

12. Complaints

We encourage individuals to contact us first so that we can try to resolve a concern. Individuals also have the right to complain to the supervisory authority in the EU or EEA country of their habitual residence, place of work, or the place of the alleged infringement.

For this Berlin-based controller the supervisory authority is the Berliner Beauftragte für Datenschutz und Informationsfreiheit, Alt-Moabit 59–61, 10555 Berlin, Germany; telephone +49 30 13889-0; email mailbox@datenschutz-berlin.de; website https://www.datenschutz-berlin.de/.

13. Children

The website is intended as a general historical and reference resource and is not directed specifically at children. We do not knowingly request personal data directly from children for an online service requiring parental consent. If you believe a child has provided personal data inappropriately, please contact us.

14. Changes to this policy

We may update this policy when our processing activities, service providers, technologies, or legal obligations change. The current version will be published on this page with a revised “Last updated” date. Where required, we will provide additional notice or request renewed consent before introducing a new processing purpose.

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