Formerly Sovereign House

Kingdom of Greece – House of Oldenburg

Kingdom of Greece – House of Oldenburg

Jurisdiction
Greece
Dynasty
House of Oldenburg
Entry type
House
Editorial status
Reviewed - Verified

Vasílion tis Elládos

The Kingdom of Greece (Greek: Βασίλειον τῆς Ἑλλάδος, Vasílion tis Elládos) was a state established in 1832 in the Convention of London by the Great Powers (the United Kingdom, France and the Russian Empire). It was internationally recognized in the Treaty of Constantinople, where it also secured full independence from the Ottoman Empire, marking the birth of the first fully independent Greek state since the fall of the last remnants of the Byzantine Empire to the Ottomans in the mid-15th century. It succeeded from the Greek provisional governments of the Greek War of Independence, and lasted until 1924, when the monarchy was abolished, and the Second Hellenic Republic declared. The Kingdom was restored in 1935, and lasted until 1974, when, in the aftermath of a seven-year military dictatorship, the current Third Republic came into existence.

List of the Monarchs of Greece – 1832-1973

This is a list of kings of Greece, that is, kings of the modern nation-state of Greece. Only Otto was actually styled King of Greece. His successor, George I, was styled King of the Hellenes, as were all future monarchs. The House of Wittelsbach held the Greek Crown between 1832 and 1862, when it passed to the House of Oldenburg.

House of Wittelsbach (1832-1862)

Picture Name Monarch from Monarch until
1 Otto 6 February 1832 23 October 186

House of Oldenburg – 1863-1973

Picture Name Monarch from Monarch until
2 George I 30 March 1863 18 March 1913
3 Alexander 11 June 1917 19 December 1920
4 Constantine I 18 March 1913
19 December 1920		 11 June 1917
27 September 1922
5 George II 27 September 1922
3 November 1935		 25 March 1924
1 April 1947
6 Paul 1 April 1947 6 March 1964
7 Constantine II 6 March 1964 1 June 1973

The Family Titles and Styles

The members of this family bear the title Prince or Princess of Greece and Denmark, Royal Highness. They still bear the Danish title because King George I never renounced his rights to the Danish throne when he assumed the Greek one, though he did defer his succession rights and agreed that his younger brother’s would supersede his. What view the Danish Court and government take of the Greeks’ use of the Danish titles is not clear. The members of the Greek Royal Family are no longer in the line of succession to the Danish throne, however.

The Genealogy of the Royal House

Christian Wilhelm Ferdinand Adolf Georg Pr of Denmark, b. Copenhagen 24 Dec 1845; he was selected by the Powers to take the Greek throne after Otto of Bavaria was forced into exile; he assumed the throne 31 Oct 1863, becoming King GIORGIOS I of the Hellenes; he was assassinated at Salonika 18 Mar 1913; he m.at St. Petersburg 27 Oct 1867 Olga Constantinovna Grand Dss of Russia (Pavlovsk 3 Sep 1851-Pau, Béarn 18 Jun 1926)

1a) KONSTANTINOS I, King of the Hellenes (Athens 2 Aug 1868-Palermo 11 Jan 1923); he succeeded his father in 1913, abdicated for himself and his eldest son in Jun 1917, resumed the throne in 1920 after the death of his second son, and then abdicated again, in favor of his eldest son, 27 Sep 1922; he m.at Athens 27 Oct 1889 Sophie Pss of Prussia (Potsdam 14 Jun 1870-Frankfurt 13 Jan 1932)

  • 1b) GIORGIOS II, King of the Hellenes 27 Sep 1922-25 Mar 1924 and 3 Nov 1935-1 Apr 1947 (Tatoi 19 Jul 1890-Athens 1 Apr 1947); m. Bucharest 27 Feb 1921 (div 1935) Elisabeth Pss of Romania (Pelesch 12 Oct 1894-Cannes 14 Nov 1956)
  • 2b) ALEXANDROS, King of the Hellenes Jun 1917-25 Oct 1920 (Tatoi 1 Aug 1893-Athens 25 Oct 1920); m. Athens 4 Nov 1919 Aspasia Manos, cr Pss of Greece 10 Sep 1922 (Athens 4 Sep 1896-Venice 7 Aug 1972)
  • 1c) Alexandra (Athens 25 Mar 1921-Burges Hills, nr Lewes 30 Jan 1993); m. London 20 Mar 1944 King Peter II of Yugoslavia (Belgrade 6 Sep 1923-Denver 3 Nov 1970)
  • 3b) Elena (Athens 3 May 1896-Lausanne 28 Nov 1982); m. Athens 10 Mar 1921 King Carol II of Romania (Sinaia 15 Oct 1893-Estoril 4 Apr 1953)
  • 4b) PAVLOS, King of the Hellenes on the death of his eldest brother, King George II, on 1 Apr 1947, was b. Athens 14 Dec 1901 and d.at Tatoi, nr Athens 6 Mar 1964; he m.at Athens 9 Jan 1938 Friederike Pss of Hannover, Dss of Braunschweig-Lüneburg (Blankenburg, Harz 18 Apr 1917-Madrid 6 Feb 1981)
  • 1c) Sofia, b. Psychiko 2 Nov 1938; m. Athens 14 May 1962 King Juan Carlos of Spain (b. Rome 5 Jan 1938)
  • 2c) KONSTANTINOS II, King of the Hellenes from the death of his father until he was forced into exile 13 Dec 1967, b. Psychiko 2 Jun 1940; m. Athens 18 Sep 1964 Anne-Marie Pss of Denmark (b. Amalienborg 30 Aug 1946)
  • 1d) Alexia, b. Mon Repos, Corfu 10 Jul 1965; m. London 9 Jul 1999 Carlos Morales y Quintana (b. Arrecife de Lanzarote 31 Dec 1970)
  • 1e) Arrietta Morales y de Grecia, b. Barcelona 24 Feb 2002
  • 2e) Ana-Maria Morales y de Grecia, b. Barcelona 15 May 2003
  • 3e) Carlos Morales y de Grecia, b. Barcelona 30 Jul 2005
  • 4e) Amelia Morales y de Grecia, b. Barcelona 26 Oct 2007
  • 2d) Pavlos, Crown Pr of Greece, Duke of Sparta, b. Tatoi 20 May 1967; m. London 1 Jul 1995 Marie-Chantal Miller (b. London 17 Sep 1968)
  • 1e) Maria-Olympia, b. New York 25 Jul 1996
  • 2e) Constantine-Alexios, b. New York 29 Oct 1998
  • 3e) Achileas-Andreas, b. New York 12 Aug 2000
  • 4e) Odyseus Kimon, b. London 17 Sep 2004
  • 5e) Aristidis-Stavros, b. Los Angeles 29 Jun 2008
  • 3d) Nikolaos, b. Rome 1 Oct 1969; m. Spetses 25 Aug 2010 Tatiana Blatnik (b.28 Aug 1980)
  • 4d) Theodora, b. Paddington, London 9 Jun 1983
  • 5d) Philippos, b. Paddington, London 26 Apr 1986
  • 3c) Yriny, b. Cape Town, South Africa 11 May 1942
  • 5b) Yriniy (Athens 13 Feb 1904-Fiesole 14 Apr 1974); m. Florence 1 Jul 1939 Aimone Pr of Savoy, Duke of Aosta, titular King of Croatia (Turin 9 Mar 1900-Buenos Aires 30 Jan 1948)
  • 6b) Katharina (Athens 4 May 1913-2 Oct 2007); in 1947 she took the style of “Lady Catherine Brandram”; m. Athens 21 Apr 1947 Richard Campbell Brandram (Bexhill-on-Sea, Sussex 5 Aug 1911-Marlow 28 Mar 1994)
  • 2a) Giorgios (Corfu 24 Jun 1869-St. Cloud 25 Nov 1957); m.(civ) Paris 21 Nov 1907 (rel) Athens 12 Dec 1907 Pss Marie Bonaparte (St. Cloud 2 Jul 1882-Gassin 21 Sep 1962)
  • 1b) Petros (Paris 3 Dec 1908-London 15 Oct 1980); m. Madras 9 Sep 1939 Irene Ovtchinnikova (St. Petersburg 11 Oct 1904-Paris 12 Mar 1990)
  • 2b) Evgenia (Paris 10 Feb 1910-Geneva 13 Feb 1989); m.1st Paris 30 May 1938 (div 1946) Pr Dominic Radziwill (Balice 23 Jan 1911-Geneva 19 Nov 1976); m.2d Athens 28 Nov 1949 (div 1965) Raymundo Pr della Torre e Tasso, Duca di Castel Duino (Castel Duino 16 Mar 1907-Castel Duino 17 Mar 1986)
  • 3a) Alexandra (Corfu 18 Aug 1870-Ilyinskoie 21 Sep 1891); m. St. Petersburg 17 Jun 1889 Grand Duke Paul of Russia (Tsarskoie Selo 3 Oct 1860-St. Petersburg 30 Jan 1919)
  • 4a) Nikolaos (Athens 22 Jan 1872-Athens 8 Feb 1938); m. Tsarskoie Selo 29 Aug 1902 Helena Grand Dss of Russia (Tsarskoie Selo 17 Jan 1882-Athens 13 Mar 1957)
  • 1b) Olga (Tatoi 11 Jun 1903-Paris 16 Oct 1997); m. Belgrade 22 Oct 1923 Paul Pr of Yugoslavia (St. Petersburg 27 Apr 1893-Paris 14 Sep 1976)
  • 2b) Elisabeta (Tatoi 24 May 1904-Munich 11 Jan 1955); m.(civ) Munich 9 Jan 1934 (rel) Schloß Seefeld 10 Jan 1934 Carl Theodor Gf zu Toerring-Jettenbach (Winhöring 22 Sep 1900-Munich 14 May 1967)
  • 3b) Marina (Athens 13 Dec 1906-Kensington Palace 27 Aug 1968); m. Westminster Abbey 29 Nov 1934 George Pr of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Kent (Sandringham 20 Dec 1902-k.in flying accident nr Caithness 25 Aug 1942)
  • 5a) Maria (Athens 3 Mar 1876-Athens 14 Dec 1940); m.1st Corfu 12 May 1900 George Grand Duke of Russia (Bielyi-Klutsch 23 Aug 1863-St. Petersburg 30 Jan 1919); m.2d Wiesbaden 16 Dec 1922 Pericles Joannides (1 Nov 1881-7 Feb 1965)
  • 6a) Olga (Athens 7 Apr 1880-Athens 2 Nov 1880)
  • 7a) Andreas (Athens 1 Feb 1882-Monte Carlo 3 Dec 1944); m. Darmstadt 7 Oct 1903 Alice Pss von Battenberg (Windsor Castle 25 Feb 1885-Buckingham Palace 5 Dec 1969)
  • 1b) Margarita (Athens 18 Apr 1905-Bad Wiessee 24 Apr 1981); m. Langenburg 20 Apr 1931 Gottfried Fst zu Hohenlohe-Langenburg (Langenburg 24 Mar 1897-Langenburg 11 May 1960)
  • 2b) Theodora (Athens 30 May 1906-Konstanz 16 Oct 1969); m. Baden-Baden 17 Aug 1931 Berthold, Margrave of Baden (Karlsruhe 24 Feb 1906-nr Spaichingen 27 Oct 1963)
  • 3b) Cecilia (Tatoi 22 Jun 1911-Steene, nr Ostende 16 Nov 1937); m. Darmstadt (civ) 23 Jan 1931 (rel) 2 Feb 1931 Georg Donatus Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine (Darmstadt 8 Nov 1906-Steene, nr Ostende 16 Nov 1937)
  • 4b) Sofia (Corfu 26 Jun 1914-Neuhaus bei Schliersee 24 Nov 2001); m.1st Kronberg, Taunus 15 Dec 1930 Christoph Pr of Hesse (Frankfurt 14 May 1901-k.a.in the Apennines 7 Oct 1943); m.2d Salem (civ) 23 Apr 1946 (rel) 24 Apr 1946 Georg Wilhelm Pr of Hannover, Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg (Braunschweig 25 Mar 1915-Munich 8 Jan 2006)
  • 5b) Philippos, b. Corfu 10 Jun 1921; m. Westminster Abbey 20 Nov 1947 Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (b. London 21 Apr 1926); in 1947 he was naturalized a British subject, took the surname Mountbatten, and was granted the titles Duke of Edinburgh, Earl of Merioneth and Baron Greenwich. For his issue see Great Britain
  • 8a) Christophoros (Pavlovsk 11 Aug 1888-Athens 21 Jan 1940); m.1st Vevey 1 Jan 1920 None May (Nancy) Stewart (Zanesville, Ohio 20 Jan 1878-London 29 Aug 1923); m.2d Palermo 11 Feb 1929 Françoise Pss d’Orléans (Paris 25 Dec 1902-Paris 25 Feb 1953)
  • 1b) Michael, b. Rome 7 Jan 1939; m.(morganatically) Athens 7 Feb 1965 Marina Karella (b. Athens 17 Jul 1940)
  • 1c) Alexandra Elli Francisca Maria, b. Athens 15 Oct 1968; m. New York 12 Jun 1998 (rel?)Venice 27 Jun 1998 Nicolas Mirzayantz (b. Marseille 1 Jan 1963)
  • 2c) Olga Isabelle, b. Athens 17 Nov 1971; m. Moscow 16 Sep 2008 (rel) Patmos 27 Sep 2008 Pr Aimone of Savoy, Duke of Apulia (b. Florence 13 Oct 1967)
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Privacy and Cookie Policy Last updated: 11 August 2026

Neue Gotha respects your privacy and is committed to handling personal data lawfully, fairly, and transparently. This Privacy and Cookie Policy explains who is responsible for personal data, what information we process, why we process it, how long we retain it, who may receive it, and the rights available to individuals under the General Data Protection Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (“GDPR”) and applicable national data-protection and electronic-communications law.

1. Who is responsible for your personal data?

The controller responsible for the processing described in this policy is:

  • Legal name: Neue Gotha Historical Register gUG
  • Trading or project name: Neue Gotha
  • Postal address: Musterstraße 12, 10115 Berlin, Germany
  • Email: editor@neuegotha.de
  • EU/EEA representative: Not applicable (the controller is established in Germany).
  • Data Protection Officer: No Data Protection Officer has been appointed. Privacy enquiries are handled through editor@neuegotha.de.

Questions about this policy or requests concerning personal data may be sent to the email or postal address above.

2. Scope of this policy

This policy applies to personal data processed through https://neuegotha.com, correspondence with the Neue Gotha editorial office, material submitted for editorial consideration, and editorial or archival records concerning identifiable living individuals.

It does not govern independent third-party websites or services linked from this website. Those providers are responsible for their own privacy practices.

3. Personal data we process and why

Processing activity Personal data Purpose Legal basis Retention
Website delivery, logging, and security IP address; date and time of access; requested page or file; referring page; browser, operating-system, and device information; error and security-event data Deliver the website, maintain availability, diagnose faults, prevent abuse, and protect the website and its users Article 6(1)(f) GDPR — our legitimate interests in operating a secure and reliable website. Where processing is required by law, Article 6(1)(c) GDPR may also apply. Routine access and error logs are retained for 14 days. Records isolated for investigation of a suspected security incident may be retained for up to 90 days after the incident is resolved, or longer where required for legal claims.
Editorial correspondence and enquiries Name, contact details, message content, correspondence history, and any documents or other information voluntarily provided Respond to enquiries, assess corrections or submissions, maintain editorial records, and protect legal rights Article 6(1)(f) GDPR — our legitimate interests in conducting editorial work and responding to correspondence; Article 6(1)(b) GDPR where processing is necessary to take steps at an individual’s request before entering into a contract; Article 6(1)(c) GDPR where retention or disclosure is legally required Correspondence is ordinarily retained for 24 months after the matter closes. Material required to document an editorial decision, resolve a dispute, meet a legal obligation, or establish, exercise, or defend a legal claim may be retained for the applicable limitation period.
Editorial, genealogical, and archival records Names; titles and styles; dates and places associated with public or genealogical events; family relationships; jurisdictions, offices, and public roles; images; biographical information; source and citation information; and correspondence relating to accuracy or provenance Research, document, preserve, verify, correct, and publish material concerning dynastic, genealogical, heraldic, and institutional history Article 6(1)(f) GDPR — our legitimate interests and those of readers, researchers, and institutions in maintaining an accurate historical and genealogical reference work, subject to a documented necessity and balancing assessment. Applicable national rules implementing Article 85 GDPR concerning freedom of expression and information may also apply. For as long as the information remains relevant to the legitimate editorial or archival purpose, subject to accuracy review, correction, restriction, erasure, and applicable archiving or legal requirements
Cookie-consent and language preferences Consent choice, language preference, cookie identifiers, and related technical information Remember privacy choices, demonstrate consent where required, and provide the language selected by the visitor Article 6(1)(f) GDPR for strictly necessary preference and consent-management functions; Article 6(1)(a) GDPR for optional storage, access, or associated processing based on consent As stated in the cookie table below
Optional external services IP address, page URL, device and browser information, language choice, and service-interaction data, depending on the provider Provide optional translation, embedded content, analytics, or similar features actually enabled on the website Article 6(1)(a) GDPR — consent. Non-essential services remain disabled until consent is given. As described for each service and by the relevant provider

We do not use personal data for solely automated decisions that produce legal effects or similarly significant effects concerning individuals.

4. Editorial and archival information obtained from other sources

Neue Gotha is an editorial and historical reference project. Some information in the register may concern identifiable living individuals and may not have been collected directly from those individuals.

Depending on the record, information may be obtained from official gazettes and public registers; archives and libraries; published books and scholarly works; institutional publications; reputable news sources; publicly accessible websites; submissions from the individual concerned or their authorised representative; family representatives; and other documented sources.

The categories of information may include the categories listed under “Editorial, genealogical, and archival records” above. The material may be made available to website visitors and may be indexed by search engines. Neue Gotha seeks to use relevant, proportionate, and appropriately sourced information and to distinguish documented fact from uncertainty or editorial interpretation.

Individuals may contact the editorial office to request access, correction, contextualisation, restriction, or erasure. Requests are assessed under the GDPR and applicable national law, taking into account accuracy, source integrity, the public interest, freedom of expression and information, archival considerations, and the rights and freedoms of other people. No provision of this policy removes a right granted by applicable law.

Neue Gotha does not intentionally publish special-category personal data or information concerning criminal convictions about living individuals unless a specific lawful basis and any additional legal condition have been identified and documented.

5. Cookies and similar technologies

Cookies are small text files stored on, or read from, a visitor’s device. Similar technologies may perform comparable functions. Some are strictly necessary for a website or a service expressly requested by the visitor. Others, including many analytics, advertising, social-media, translation, or embedded-content technologies, require prior consent under applicable EU electronic-communications rules.

Neue Gotha does not place or access non-essential cookies, or activate non-essential external services, before valid consent has been given. Visitors may accept or reject optional purposes separately and may withdraw consent at any time by selecting the permanently available “Cookie settings” control. Withdrawing consent does not affect processing that was lawful before withdrawal. Strictly necessary technologies cannot be disabled through the consent tool, but they may be controlled through browser settings where technically possible.

The following table reflects the technologies currently deployed on the website. It is updated whenever a plugin, host, analytics tool, embedded service, or cookie configuration changes.

Name Provider Purpose Category Duration Third-party access
_scc_session Neue Gotha / managed hosting and site-control provider Maintains a short-lived session for website security and site-control functions Strictly necessary Browser session The contracted hosting or site-control provider may access the identifier when providing technical support
_tccl_visit Neue Gotha / managed website-analytics provider Distinguishes a single website visit and reduces duplicate counting within the same session Analytics — disabled until consent 30 minutes Yes; the contracted analytics provider processes the identifier on Neue Gotha’s behalf
_tccl_visitor Neue Gotha / managed website-analytics provider Assigns a pseudonymous visitor identifier used to produce aggregated website-usage statistics Analytics — disabled until consent 12 months Yes; the contracted analytics provider processes the identifier on Neue Gotha’s behalf
googtrans Neue Gotha / Google Translate Stores or applies the visitor’s language selection for the translation feature Functional — disabled until consent 12 months Google may receive technical and service-interaction data when Google Translate is activated
ng_gt_default_applied Neue Gotha / website translation plugin Records whether the website’s default translation setting has been applied Functional — disabled until consent 24 hours No direct vendor access is assumed; Google may receive data if activation causes Google Translate to load
eu_cookies_bar_consent Neue Gotha / locally hosted EU Cookies Bar plugin Stores the visitor’s cookie choices and prevents the banner from being shown unnecessarily Strictly necessary 6 months No, provided the consent plugin remains locally hosted and does not transmit consent records to its developer
wordpress_test_cookie Neue Gotha / WordPress Checks whether the browser supports cookies when an authorised user visits the sign-in page Strictly necessary Browser session No; the cookie is processed by Neue Gotha and its contracted host

Authorised editorial users may receive WordPress authentication, security, or preference cookies when they sign in. wordpress_logged_in_[hash] maintains an authenticated session for up to two weeks when “Remember Me” is selected; wordpress_sec_[hash] protects administrative access for the session; and wp-settings-[user_id] stores an editor’s interface preferences for up to one year. These internal cookies are processed solely for editorial access and site administration.

6. Google Translate, web fonts, and other external content

Where enabled with the visitor’s consent, Neue Gotha may use Google Translate to provide machine-generated translations. Activating the service may cause the visitor’s browser to connect to Google and disclose technical information such as the IP address, requested page URL, browser or device information, and language or service-interaction data. Machine translations may contain errors and do not replace the original editorial text.

Website fonts are hosted locally by Neue Gotha and do not require a connection to Google. Google Translate remains an optional external service that is activated only after the visitor provides consent.

Information about Google’s processing is available in the Google Privacy Policy and Google’s explanation of how it uses information from sites and applications that use its services.

Embedded material from another website may allow that provider to process personal data as if the visitor had visited the provider directly. Non-essential embeds remain blocked until consent is obtained. Each enabled provider is identified in this policy and in the consent interface.

7. Recipients of personal data

Personal data may be disclosed only where necessary to:

  • hosting, content-delivery, backup, website-maintenance, email, security, and consent-management providers acting under contract;
  • translation, analytics, media, or other external-service providers selected by the visitor through the consent interface;
  • professional advisers, insurers, auditors, or other specialists where necessary to protect legal or operational interests;
  • courts, regulators, law-enforcement bodies, or public authorities where disclosure is required or permitted by law; and
  • the public and search engines where personal data form part of a lawfully published editorial or archival record.

8. International data transfers

Some service providers may process personal data outside the European Economic Area. Where the GDPR restricts such a transfer, Neue Gotha relies on an applicable European Commission adequacy decision or appropriate safeguards under Article 46 GDPR, such as the European Commission’s Standard Contractual Clauses, together with supplementary measures where required.

Cloudflare and Google may transfer limited technical information to recipients in the United States. Where the recipient is validly certified, the transfer is based on the European Commission’s adequacy decision for the EU–US Data Privacy Framework. Where that mechanism is unavailable or does not cover a transfer, the relevant provider’s European Commission Standard Contractual Clauses and supplementary technical and organisational measures are used. Information about the applicable safeguards, including how to obtain a copy, may be requested from editor@neuegotha.de.

9. How long we retain personal data

We retain personal data only for as long as necessary for the purposes described in this policy, including security, editorial integrity, source verification, dispute resolution, and compliance with legal obligations. The specific periods or criteria are stated in the processing and cookie tables above.

When a retention period ends, information is deleted or anonymised unless continued retention is required by law, is necessary for legal claims, or is justified by a documented editorial or archival purpose. Encrypted rolling backups are retained for 35 days and are then overwritten automatically, unless a backup has been isolated for incident recovery or a legal hold.

10. Security

Neue Gotha uses appropriate technical and organisational measures designed to protect personal data against accidental or unlawful destruction, loss, alteration, unauthorised disclosure, or access. No method of internet transmission or electronic storage is completely secure, and absolute security cannot be guaranteed.

11. Your data-protection rights

Subject to the conditions and limitations in the GDPR and applicable national law, an individual may have the right to:

  • obtain confirmation as to whether personal data concerning them are processed and request access to those data;
  • request correction of inaccurate or incomplete personal data;
  • request erasure of personal data;
  • request restriction of processing;
  • object, on grounds relating to their particular situation, to processing based on legitimate interests;
  • receive personal data they provided in a structured, commonly used, machine-readable format and transmit those data to another controller where the right to portability applies;
  • withdraw consent at any time, without affecting the lawfulness of processing carried out before withdrawal; and
  • lodge a complaint with a competent data-protection supervisory authority.

To exercise a right, contact editor@neuegotha.de. Please identify the information or record concerned and the nature of the request. We may request information reasonably necessary to verify identity and protect personal data from unauthorised disclosure. Requests are normally answered within one month, subject to any extension permitted by law.

Where a request concerns published editorial or archival content, applicable rights may be limited where necessary and proportionate to reconcile data protection with freedom of expression and information or other rights recognised by law. Each request will be assessed individually.

12. Complaints

We encourage individuals to contact us first so that we can try to resolve a concern. Individuals also have the right to complain to the supervisory authority in the EU or EEA country of their habitual residence, place of work, or the place of the alleged infringement.

For this Berlin-based controller the supervisory authority is the Berliner Beauftragte für Datenschutz und Informationsfreiheit, Alt-Moabit 59–61, 10555 Berlin, Germany; telephone +49 30 13889-0; email mailbox@datenschutz-berlin.de; website https://www.datenschutz-berlin.de/.

13. Children

The website is intended as a general historical and reference resource and is not directed specifically at children. We do not knowingly request personal data directly from children for an online service requiring parental consent. If you believe a child has provided personal data inappropriately, please contact us.

14. Changes to this policy

We may update this policy when our processing activities, service providers, technologies, or legal obligations change. The current version will be published on this page with a revised “Last updated” date. Where required, we will provide additional notice or request renewed consent before introducing a new processing purpose.

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